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Pulse sequences MRI. Figure 5. Timing diagram of the double spin-echo pulse sequence. F. YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE... 33 terms. Spin echo sequence step 1. The simplest echo signal is formed with a Spin Echo Pulse Sequence. The signal lost due to random fluctuations in the applied magnetic field can't be refocused with the spin echo sequence. Slice select gradient. In the pulse sequence timing diagram, the simplest form of a spin echo sequence is illustrated. Note that the FID signals are shifted in time over multiple imaging slices to form an echo at TE eff rather than TE. 5. The top line of the diagram represents … Inversion-recovery sequence with spin-echo module. SPIN ECHO PULSE SEQUENCES PRESENTED BY V.SIVA PRAKASH B.Sc. Note the free induction decay right after the 90-degree pulse and the spin echo at time TE. 6 minutes. This sequence is characterized by a series of rapidly applied 180° rephasing pulses and multiple echoes, changing the phase encoding gradient for each echo. Consider a dual contrast spin echo pulse sequence in which the 90 degree RF pulse is applied at time = 0, the center of the first echo forms at time = 15ms, and the center of the second echo forms at time = 90ms. The pre-excitation step of a section-selective inversion pulse π is applied. GS, GP, and GF are the slice selective, phase-encoding, and frequency-encoding gradients, respectively. Graphical representation of a pulse sequence for a homonuclear NOESY experiment. ... Start studying Pulse Sequence Diagrams. type tissue contrast 26 SE T1-weighted Image parameters An MRI sequence in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a particular setting of pulse sequences and pulsed field gradients, resulting in a particular image appearance. Fast spin echo. The resulting pulse diagram for a spin echo sequence might look something like figure 1.11. Zoom In Zoom Out Reset image size Figure 1.11. Benefits This will reduce artifact visualization in our image. Spin Echo Gradient Recalled Echo Inversion Recovery 25 Spin Echo Pulse Sequence (SE) Spin Echo pulse sequences begin with a 90° RF pulse followed by at least one 180° RF pulse. This period is repeated n times (see T 2 filter). The TR is the time between each 90° RF excitation pulse for each slice (in spin echo images). Figure 2: The formation of a spin echo using the Carr-Purcell pulse sequence in the rotating frame. The time between the middle of the first RF pulse and the peak of the spin echo is called the echo time (TE). 4 minutes. ] A pulse sequence is a preselected set of defined RF and gradient pulses, usually repeated many times during a scan, wherein the time interval between pulses and the amplitude and shape of the gradient waveforms will control NMR signal reception and affect the characteristics of the MR images. • Because of the need for a relatively long TR value spin echo is generally considered a slow pulse sequence today. This has the same effect as a negative FE gradient applied after the 180° pulse. The FGP pulses have a length 5 and are separated by an interval A as in the spin-echo sequence given in Fig. A timed sequence of events. The five channels plot the same parameters as the standard spin­ echo sequence (Fig. The initial radiofrequency pulse generally has a flip angle much smaller than 90° to maximize the signal when the repetition time is relatively short (~2-10 ms) compared to repetition times of spin-echo imaging sequences. our supporters and advertisers.Become Gold Supporter and see ads. All proton vectors precess in phase and the Mxy signal is at its maximum. 6) The diagram below is typical of the kind that is used to illustrate the spin echo sequence. up of a series of events : 90° pulse – 180° rephasing pulse at TE/2 – signal reading at TE. It will produce accurate demonstration of tissue signal in our image. Timing diagram for a spin echo type of pulse sequence.. An MRI sequence in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a particular setting of pulse sequences and pulsed field gradients, resulting in a particular image appearance.. A multiparametric MRI is a combination of two or more sequences, and/or including other specialized MRI configurations such as spectroscopy. At some point in time after the 90° pulse, a 180° pulse is applied. During adiabatic excitation, the nuclear magnetization in the transverse plane is subject to T 2 (spin-spin) relaxation, depending on the pulse length τ.Here, this property is exploited in a method of measuring T 2 using the ratio of NMR signals acquired with short and long-duration self-refocusing adiabatic pulses, without spin-echoes. If a given conventional spin echo pulse sequence takes 12 minutes to acquire, a fast spin echo sequence using an ETL or six, with all other factors that affect scan time remaining the same, will take: 2 minutes. Describe how images with proton density, T1 and T2 contrast are acquired with spin echo pulse sequences with respect to TE and TR. EPG) Z states appear as broken lines; F0 states are echoes . The sequence then repeats at time TR, the repetition time. The 90° pulse rotates the magnetization down into the X'Y' plane. It is a timing diagram showing the radio frequency (RF) pulses, gradients, and echoes. Fig. Principle. The thin bar denotes a 90° pulse, while the thick bar denotes a 180° pulse. Home Browse. Faster variants would combine SE with parallel imaging and/or with multi-echo sequences such as FSE (Fast Spin Echo). The spin system is excited by a 90° pulse. Image 73 is a diagram of which pulse sequence. Timing diagram for a spin echo type of pulse sequence.. An MRI sequence in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a particular setting of pulse sequences and pulsed field gradients, resulting in a particular image appearance.. A multiparametric MRI is a combination of two or more sequences, and/or including other specialized MRI configurations such as spectroscopy. Spin-echo pulse sequence diagrams satisfying these three simple conditions are illustrated in Figure 5. The three bars represent three 90° pulses. RF pulse waveforms are shown in Figure 1. Sketch as accurately as possible the timing diagram for the 3D spin-echo pulse sequence (use the diagram in the next page). MIT sivaprakash2611@gmail.com 2. 1. Rf- and field gradient pulses are denoted by 90°, 180° and FGP, respectively. This phenomenon of spin echo was explained by Erwin Hahn in his 1950 paper, and further developed by Carr and Purcell who pointed out the advantages of using a 180° … The Spin-Echo Sequence . Pulse sequences are broadly categorized as: spin echo sequences, gradient echo sequences, inversion recovery sequences etc. A new type of graphical tool for explaining and analyzing magnetic resonance imaging pulse sequences is developed and illustrated. In B,usinga 90 pulse, the spins are precessed down to the y-axis (C). Pulse diagram for a spin echo sequence. As the net magnetization in the transverse plane decreases, a receiver coil that measures the magnetization in the transverse direction could detect a decay signal in this situation. All proton vectors precess in phase and the M xy signal is at its maximum. A 90° RF pulse is applied. Spatial encoding in the y- and z-dimensions is accomplished with phase-encodi ng gradients at the time indicated by the / symbol. The resulting pulse diagram for a spin echo sequence might look something like figure 1.11. Pulse sequence diagram for an imaging sequence that uses gradient echoes for readout of the signal. A spin echo sequence with can be easily converted into an inversion recovery sequence by adding a 180° pulse that inverts the longitudinal magnetization to the beginning of the sequence. This Dual-τ method is implemented with B 1 … INTRODUCTION Pulse sequences enable us to control the way in which the system applies pulses and gradients. 1A) , .The S-REDOR experiment consists of a 1 H spin echo with recoupling applied symmetrically about the central π-pulse. The π/2 HS − π HS sequence diagrams for multislice 2D spin-echo imaging, satisfying the conditions for compensating nonlinear phases across the slice. 64 terms. Spin-Echo Pulse Diagram As a result of the 90° pulse, the magnetization vector Mzis flipped into the x-y plane. a. In case of Spin Echo -EPI, it's just slightly different. The M xy signal decays rapidly due to the T2* or free induction decay. All proton vectors precess in phase and the M xy signal is at its maximum. The spin echo sequence preserves the MRI signal for longer with the addition of the 180° pulse as described previously. Our pulse sequence diagram needs to be run as many times as we need lines of K space to be filled. In analytical chemistry, inversion-recovery is applied as a 180°-90° pulse sequence; the initial amplitude of the FID is proportional to the value of the net magnetization at the time of the measurement. Spin Echo Gradient Recalled Echo Inversion Recovery 25 Spin Echo Pulse Sequence (SE) Spin Echo pulse sequences begin with a 90°RF pulse followed by at least one 180° RF pulse. Draw a pulse program diagram for a basic spin echo pulse sequence, showing all RF pulses, gradients, acquisition of the echo, TR and TE. 2D spin-echo pulse sequence diagram. There are many different pulse sequences … Three magnetisation vectors are shown in the xy plane a period of time after application of a 90º RF pulse. Dual Echo Spin Echo. It uses a “rotating frame of reference”. A positive gradient is applied prior to the 180° RF pulse. The Spin Echo Multi Slice (SEMS) pulse sequence shown below comprises of a 90 degree RF pulse followed by a 180 degree refocusing pulse both applied in the presence of a slice select gradient. The 90° excitation pulse rotates the longitudinal magnetization ( Mz) into the xy-plane and the dephasing of the transverse magnetization (Mxy) starts. Figure 19. The 90° excitation pulse rotates the longitudinal magnetization (Mz) into the xy-plane and the dephasing of the transverse magnetization (Mxy) starts. Timing diagram for a spin echo type of pulse sequence. Browse. There are three conventional pulse sequence designs. A timing diagram shows the relative positions of the two radio frequency pulses and the signal. MR Pulse Sequence & Pulse Sequence Diagram; Spin Echo and Fast Spin Echo Pulse Sequences Gradient Recalled Echo Pulse Sequences; Inversion Recovery Pulse Sequences Echo Planar Imaging Pulse Sequence Authors: Joel P. Felmlee, Ph.D. Krzysztof R. Gorny, Ph.D. Yunhong Shu, Ph.D. Erin M. Gray, R.T.(R)(MR) Julee P. Warren, R.T.(R)(MR) 1. the very simple pulse sequence in Figure S1, 2. the further needs of the refocused HETCOR pulse sequence of Figure 1.1, 3. gradient pulses, by reference to the INEPT pulse sequence of Figure 1.2, 4. spin locks, by reference to the basic 2D TOCSY sequence of Figure 1.3. ∗michaelb@princeton.edu Choice of the rf nutation angle 61 is discussed in Sec. The initial 180 pulse rotates the spin ensemble to the b. type tissue contrast 26 SE T1-weighted Image parameters Pulse diagram for a spin echo sequence. Figure 5. b. As illustrated in Fig.1, this sequence consists of a 180 pulse followed by a delay of time ˝, a 90 pulse, a very small delay of time , and a nal 180 pulse. Initially, all these vectors are in phaseand they are all precessing at frequency ω0. type tissue contrast 26 SE T1-weighted 90 pulse had an 8 ms duration, 1.43 kHz bandwidth, and 3.9 mT peak amplitude. … Pulse sequence diagram of a Hahn spin-echo experiment with field gradient pulses. So, this is sequence diagram for the Gradient Echo-EPI. 2. These events are RF pulses and gradients. There are some proton vectors that are fast and lead and some that are slow and lag as they dephase. This repository contains a MetaPost file called pulses.mp which contains a set of macros for easily generating MR Pulse Sequence Diagrams programatically. Spin-Echo and CPMG Pulse Sequence Once the 90° B 1 pulse is turned off, the proton begin to de-phase or lose phase coherency in B 0 (Figure 3‑14). FSE pulse sequence. The Spin-echo Pulse Sequence Chapter 2.3k Downloads The pulse sequence in MRI describes the series of RF pulses, gradient manipulations, and signal measurements that permit collection of sufficient data to form an image or set of images. Repeat part ‘e’ of question 4 for τ = 1/(2J CH), τ = 3/(4J CH), and τ = 1/(J CH). Fast Large-Angle Spin Echo (FLASE) is a common pulse sequence designed for quantitative imaging of trabecular bone micro-architecture. You may refer to the following diagram for your explanations. Another commonly used pulse sequence is the spin-echo pulse sequence. All spin echo sequences include a slice selective 90-degree pulse followed by one or more 180 degree refocusing pulses as … Do not copy and paste a picture from the web or a book. 5). Time proceeds linearly from left to right. The π/2 HS − π HS sequence diagrams for multislice 2D spin-echo imaging, satisfying the conditions for compensating nonlinear phases across the slice. We can now add the spatial localization gradients to our discussion and diagram. IV B. It is important to recognize these symbols, because they are invariably used to represent TR and TE. The echo train technique can be pushed to the limit to fill the entire Fourier plane with a single 90° pulse (TR is thus infinite) . 1 Pulse sequence diagram of 3D fast spin echo (FSE) sequence, using electrocardiogram (ECG)-triggering and respiratory navigator (NAV) for motion compensation (a). Application of an inversion pulse to a dipolar-coupled … Fig. 2. There will be 180 degree RF pulse, like a spin echo. This refocusing is illustrated with an Isochromat Vector Diagram. A pulse sequence diagram (PSD)illustrates the sequence of events that occur during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Spin echo ( SE) imaging is a class of imaging sequences that utilize an SE to form an image. This will be introduced in the context of k-space imaging requirements (which are briefly summarized). The major application areas of SE imaging include the following: Morphology. Fat or water imaging. 2.-Pulse sequence diagram for the MAST gradient waveform modi­ fication of the standard T2-weighted (TE = 100) multislice spin-echo imaging sequence. Consider the precession of three different magnetization vectors in the transverse plane, each in a slightly different magnetic environment (Fig. To cor- An INEPT NMR pulse sequence for a heteronuclear experiment. The Mxy signal decays rapidly as this is the T2* or free induction decay. iit jam 2022 mathematics syllabus pdf how many credits per semester in university Open in figure viewer PowerPoint. Zoom In Zoom Out Reset image size Figure 1.11. Spin-echo pulse sequence diagrams satisfying these three simple conditions are illustrated in Figure 5. 5.1 Pulse Sequences & Image Contrast for MRI Carolyn Kaut Roth, RT (R)(MR)(CT)(M)(CV) FSMRT CEO Imaging Education Associates www.imaginged.com candi@imaginged.com Timing Diagrams for Spin Echo pulse sequences including: spin echo, fast spin echo, inversion recovery, gradient echo and echo planar imaging Slide # 2 • Timing diagrams Describe how images with proton density, T1 and T2 contrast are acquired with spin echo pulse sequences with respect to TE and TR. After a time delay (τ), one or several 180° pulses follow. The top line shows the radiofrequency pulses sent from the scanner, while the middle line shows the MR signal. The propagator V is omitted because single quantum coherence is directly observable. Spin echoPrinciple. The spin echo effect was discovered by Erwin Hahn when he applied two successive 90° pulses separated by short time period, but detected a signal, the echo, when no ...Spin echo decay. ...Stimulated echo. ...Photon echo. ...See alsoReferences. ...Further reading. ...External links. ... The basic pulse sequence of the CPMG experiment is based on the spin-echo pulse sequence and consists of the following steps: A 90º pulse creates transverse magnetization; An spin-echo period (delay-180º-delay block) determines the decay of the M xy magnetization. 33). Then we can acquire multiple kth echoes, which you will fill multiple K-space line. Methods: A pulse sequence based on single shot fast/turbo spin echo (SSFSE/SSTSE) acquisition, with theoretical analysis and simulation based on the extended phase graph (EPG) algorithm, was presented for breath-hold single slice quantitative T1rho imaging of liver with suppression of blood signal. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Spin echo sequence step 1. 6. Languages. You may refer to the following diagram for your explanations. 1. III.3. Different pulse sequences are illustrated using schematic diagrams that represent what each of the hardware components of the system is doing at different points in the time sequence. Do not copy and paste a picture from the web or a book. Quiz questions References ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads Cases and figures However, imperfections in the nonselective phase-reversal pulse render it prone to stimulated echo artifacts. Implementation in a DWI sequence: The complete pulse sequence diagram, showing the matched-phase spin echo inserted into a diffusion-weighted echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence, is provided in Figure 2. Conventional Pulse Sequences There are three conventional pulse sequence designs. E. Long TE. In a fast spin echo pulse sequence, if the TSE factor. 2. The problem is further exacerbated at isotropic resolution. The echo time TE may vary from echo to echo in the echo train. Stimulated Echo (3 pulses) x y z 90ox FP, T2 ... Echo F0 Signal Pathways on a Phase Diagram (i.e. 78 terms. b. Spin echo sequence diagrams Case contributed by Dr J. Ray Ballinger Diagnosis not applicable In the first figure, RF is the radiofrequency pulse, a slice selective 90-degree pulse followed by two 180-degree refocusing pulses. Spin echo sequence step 2. (FSE) In the pulse sequence timing diagram, a fast spin echo sequence with an echo train length of 3 is illustrated. Each sequence has a series of parameters such as time to echo (TE), time to repetition (TR), inversion pulse(s) etc. Download scientific diagram | Diagram of a spin echo pulse sequence (RF = radio frequency). References 1. … Pulse sequence diagram for an imaging sequence that uses gradient echoes for readout of the signal. Produces T1-, T2-, and PD-wt. A pulse sequence diagram will continue after this point until that selected slice is filled with signal. Question: (ii) Briefly explain how the spin echo (SE) pulse sequence works. It consists of a 90 degree RF pulse followed by a 180 degree refocusing pulse and then our echo is collected. One of the most popular pulse sequences for 1 H detected measurement of heteronuclear dipolar coupling constants is the symmetry-based rotational echo double resonance pulse sequences (S-REDOR, Fig. The M xy signal decays rapidly due to the T2* or free induction decay. Produces T1-, T2-, and PD-wt. Simplified pulse diagram of the spin echo sequence. There are some proton vectors that are fast and lead and some that are slow and lag as they dephase. Include 1) RF pulses, 2) Gx, 3) Gy, 4) Gz gradients. The 180 o pulse causes the magnetization to at least partially rephase and to produce a signal called an echo. B.Hargreaves - RAD 229 Pseudo-Steady States •Reduced flip angles •“Stabilization” pulse 281. An inversion-recovery pulse sequence with a conventional spin-echo postexcitation module is diagrammed in Figure 19, recognizing that the gradient-echo module can be substituted. The details of this algorithm have been described by Weigel, including the incorporation of Fig. These so-called « single-shot » sequences require the successive application of as many 180° pulses as there are k-space lines to fill. The echo-planar readout gradient gives a spectral bandwidth of 581.4 Hz and a maxim um spatial resolution of 5.4 mm (for 13 C). 1). This pulse rotates the magnetization by 180 o about the X' axis. It uses a “rotating frame of reference”. Conventional Pulse Sequences There are three conventional pulse sequence designs. TR is the repetition time between two complete pulse sequences. Application of 90° RF Pulse. 8-1A). Pulse diagram of a spin-echo pulse sequence. The second difference is the frequency-encoding gradient. Fig. The spin echo sequence is made up of a series of events: 90° pulse – ° rephasing pulse at TE/2 – signal reading at TE. The 180 degree RF pulse to form the echo used for the T2 weighted image must have been applied at ____ ms. Open in figure viewer PowerPoint. Spin-Echo Sequences •Spin Echo Review •Echo Trains •Applications: RARE, Single-shot, 3D •Signal and SAR considerations ... •F/Z states on 2nd spin-echo after perfect 90º pulse 280. An MRI pulse sequence is a set of pulses and gradients that result in a desired result. e. Using vector diagrams, show the effect of the spin echo pulse sequence on this spin system with τ=1/(4J CH). Spin-echo pulse sequences are one of the earliest developed and still widely used (in the form of fast spin-echo) of all MRI pulse sequences. The phase encoding gradient is activated after our slice selection gradient. In MR imaging, the sequence is commonly adjusted to the needs of creating an image and, for instance, combined with a spin-echo pulse sequence. The transverse magnetization begins to dephase. In the pulse sequence timing diagram, the simplest form of a spin echo sequence is illustrated. Three-Pulse Sequence to Measure T 1 In order to measure decay due to spin-lattice relax-ation, the Three-Pulse Sequence was used. Sketch as accurately as possible the timing diagram for the 3D spin-echo pulse sequence (use the diagram in the next page). A spin echo sequence aims to remove the effects of the static field (T2*) but leave the tissue characteristic T2 effect. MRI Review Questions Pg 248-284. 34 Letter A in Image 73 represents: Radiofrequency (RF) 35 Letter B in Image 73 represents. Timing diagram for an MRI spin echo pulse sequence. In A, spins are aligned and produce a net magnetization in the plus z direction, parallel to the external field. The simplest form of the spin-echo (SE) pulse sequence consists of 90°-pulse, a 180°-pulse, and then an echo. A timing diagram of the proposed multi-slice interleaving echo-shifted MREIT pulse sequence for NES = 1 (GS: slice selection gradient; GP: phase-encoding gradient; GR: frequency-encoding gradient). The total spin coherence is prepared by a three-pulse sequence with 7' chosen by parameter proportional phase incre­ mentation (PPPI) (Ref. Here a 90° pulse is first applied to the spin system. τ : half-echo time; D3: The time interval between the end of the radio frequency at 180 degrees and the beginning of the signal acquisition. Also, show the Fourier transformation of the signal that you would get after the second τ period if you applied broadband 1H decoupling The echo signal is formed by the refocusing of the dephasing isochromats. Include 1) RF pulses, 2) Gx, 3) Gy, 4) Gz gradients. The initial radiofrequency pulse generally has a flip angle much smaller than 90° to maximize the signal when the repetition time is relatively short (~2-10 ms) compared to repetition times of spin-echo imaging sequences. Previous: Time Domain NMR FID Experiments(Part I) , Figure 3 shows the symbols that are most commonly used to diagram pulse sequences (, 1–, 3) as well as the echoes detected, including the Hahn echo (with use of a spin-echo [SE] pulse sequence) and the gradient echo (GRE) (, 10). Short TE. how to use eyebrow scissors with comb Youth Empowerment Programme. 36 Spin Echo (2 pulses) x y z x y z 90ox FP, T2 180oy x y z FP, T2 x y z x y z. Spin echo sequence step 2. 1. 5 shows simulated spectra for the single hard 90 ° pulse excitation, the perfect echo with hard pulses, the CHORUS, the PROCHORUS, and the compressesed PROCHORUS pulse sequences, on systems of two (AX), three (AMX), and four (AMTX) coupled spin-1 / 2 nuclei with a range of J-coupling values. The two variables of interest in spin echo sequences are the repetition time (TR) and the echo time (TE). Conventional Spin Echo The convention spin echo is the most basic pulse sequence in the spin echo family. Spin Echo Gradient Recalled Echo Inversion Recovery 25 Spin Echo Pulse Sequence (SE) Spin Echo pulse sequences begin with a 90°RF pulse followed by at least one 180° RF pulse. Produces T1-, T2-, and PD-wt. All spin echo sequences include a slice selective 90-degree pulse followed by one or more 180 degree refocusing pulses as shown in the diagrams. A spin echo sequence with can be easily converted into an inversion recovery sequence by adding a 180° pulse that inverts the longitudinal magnetization to the beginning of the sequence. Draw a pulse program diagram for a basic spin echo pulse sequence, showing all RF pulses, gradients, acquisition of the echo, TR and TE. Formation of a spin echo 90° 180 RF -TE/ -TE2 excite dephase reverse refocus in phase decay T, decay signal FID spin echo TE … VD is a time delay which may be variable in which case also A is variable. A 90° RF pulse is applied. It also contains a file called seq.mp with examples of how to use the macros. The horizontal axis represents time, with increasing time to the right. A pulse sequence diagram for a spin-echo imaging sequence showing the waveforms applied on the radiofrequency, the three channels for the orthogonal magnetic field gradients, and the receiver channel of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. pulse echo. 1. n. [Formation Evaluation] A technique in which an ultrasonic transducer, in transmit mode, emits a high- frequency acoustic pulse towards the borehole wall, where it is reflected back to the same transducer operating in receive mode. The measurement consists of the amplitude of the received signal, the time between emission and ... Sequence. Fast spin echo (FSE) imaging, also known as Turbo spin echo (TSE) imaging, are commercial implementations of the RARE (Rapid Acquisition with Relaxation Enhancement) technique originally described by Hennig et al in 1986.Since that time FSE/TSE has grown to become one of the "workhorse" pulse sequences used in virtually all aspects of modern MR imaging. 1 minute. This leads to the formation of an echo. In this way, image weighting and quality is determined. The spin echo effect was discovered by Erwin Hahn when he applied two successive 90° pulses separated by short time period, but detected a signal, the echo, when no pulse was applied. Spin Echo Pulse Sequences •TR controls T1 weighting •TE controls T2 weighting •Can be combined with “preparation pulses” •Lack of T2*àfewer distortions/artifacts than other sequences •Often used in multi-echo format •Conventional Spin Echo is VERY Slow •Multi-echo àHigh SAR due to many 180 pulses 1. MRI spin echo pulse sequences 1. A 90° RF pulse is applied. A pulse sequence is a timing diagram for running the scanner. This tool combines the partition diagram, which shows the evolution of multiple echoes with the application of multiple RF pulses, and k-space graphs, which show the evolution of the transverse magnetization as gradients are applied. 1 The pulse sequence diagram is like an orchestral score. The time between the 90° pulse and the peak of the echo is called echo time TE (= 2τ).

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